![]() ![]() Map scale can be represented by text, a graphic, or some combination of the two. Map scale refers to the factor of reduction of the world, so it fits on a map. Nonetheless, all maps reduce or shrink the world and its geographic features of interest by some factor. What exactly is meant by “manageable” is open to discussion and largely depends on the purpose and needs of the map at hand. One of the most significant challenges behind mapping the world and its resident features, patterns, and processes is reducing it to a manageable size. And map projections are concerned with moving from the three-dimensional world to the two dimensions of a flat map or display. Coordinate systems help us define the positions of features on the surface of the earth. Map scale is concerned with reducing geographical features of interest to manageable proportions. Among the essential cartographic considerations are map scale, coordinate systems, and map projections. Several other formal and informal mapping conventions and characteristics, many of which are taken for granted, can be identified. Though this may not always be the case, many map users expect north to be oriented or to coincide with the top edge of a map or viewing device like a computer monitor. One of the most recognized mapping conventions is that “north is up” on most maps. Generally speaking, mapping or cartographic conventions refer to the accepted rules, norms, and practices behind the making of maps. Mapping conventions facilitate the delivery of information in such a manner by recognizing and managing the expectations of map users. In order for a map to be of value, it must convey information effectively and efficiently. The central purpose of a map is to provide relevant and useful information to the map user. ![]() Understanding and meeting the expectations of map viewers is a challenging but necessary task because such expectations provide a starting point for the creation of any map. It is important to note that such expectations also change with increased exposure to maps. Such expectations are formed and learned from previous experience by working with maps. All map users and map viewers have certain expectations about what is contained on a map.
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